The quality of roosters plays a crucial role in the economic efficiency of a poultry farm and directly influences the productivity of commercial laying hens. Ensuring high-quality breeding roosters is essential for achieving higher fertilization rates, hatchability, and overall breeding performance. Proper selection and management of breeder roosters are key to producing more viable eggs and maintaining a healthy flock.
Selecting high-quality breeders is especially important for artificial insemination programs. Since the number of roosters used is relatively small, each one has a significant impact on the fertility of the entire flock. Therefore, strict criteria must be applied when choosing breeder roosters. Physical condition, weight, appearance, breed characteristics, and reproductive performance should all be considered. From the moment they hatch, young male chicks must be selected based on their fertility potential, physical structure, and vitality. These early selections can lead to a 5.2% increase in egg production compared to average males.
At 35–45 days of age, roosters should be evaluated based on body weight, comb size, and sexual maturity. Early-maturing roosters with good semen quality are preferred. By 17–18 weeks, roosters should have a medium build, a bright red comb, clear male traits, and a strong sperm reflex. Those showing poor reflexes, chest deformities, or leg issues should be excluded.
At 20 weeks, roosters undergo fertility training. After 2–3 weeks, final selection is based on semen volume, concentration, motility, and color. The rooster-to-hen ratio is also critical—too many roosters can lead to inefficiency, while too few may require overuse, reducing semen quality. A standard ratio of 1:25 to 1:30 is typically recommended.
Managing breeder roosters shares similarities with managing commercial flocks but also has unique requirements. Breeder roosters are often housed in single cages to prevent competition and ensure better semen quality. They should not be forced to molt, as this can negatively affect fertility. Artificial insemination requires careful attention to nutrition, including increased levels of protein, vitamin A, vitamin E, and other essential nutrients.
A balanced diet for roosters should include 14% protein, 1.5% calcium, 0.8% phosphorus, 20 million IU/t vitamin A, 30 g/t vitamin E, 4 g/t vitamin B1, 8 g/t vitamin B2, and 150 g/t vitamin C. During winter, adding 15–30% more vitamins can improve fertility and hatchability. Additionally, feeding eggs every three roosters can enhance reproductive performance and semen quality. These practices contribute to a healthier, more productive breeding program.
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