Fungi, specifically belonging to the basidiomycetes group, are widely cultivated in China. The primary cultivation methods include wood-based and bag-based techniques. Among these, the bag cultivation method is more efficient, with a shorter growth cycle and the advantage of conserving forest resources. Based on local climate and resource conditions, we have developed new technologies suitable for northern regions.
1. **Production Schedule**: Black fungus is a moderate-temperature species, with optimal ear temperatures ranging from 12°C to 28°C. It is typically planted between January and February, and ears appear between April and May. Auricularia, on the other hand, is a high-temperature species, requiring temperatures between 15°C and 32°C. It is planted from March to April, with ears forming between May and June.
2. **Culture Formulation**: The moisture content of the culture material should be around 65%, with a material-to-water ratio of 1:1.25 to 1:1.3. When squeezed by hand, it should hold together without dripping. Common formulas include:
- 1) Cottonseed husk 30%, corn cob 30%, sawdust 30%, bran 7%, gypsum 1%, compound fertilizer 1%, phosphate fertilizer 0.5%, lime 0.5%
- 2) Cottonseed husk 30%, corn stalk 60%, bran 7%, gypsum 1%, compound fertilizer 1%, phosphate fertilizer 0.5%, lime 0.5%
- 3) Cottonseed husk 30%, corn cob 60%, bran 7%, gypsum 1%, compound fertilizer 1%, phosphate fertilizer 0.5%, lime 0.5%
All formulas should include 0.6% clotrimazole to prevent contamination.
3. **Bagging and Sterilization**: Cultivation bags are usually 17cm x 38cm, 0.035mm thick low-pressure polyethylene or polypropylene bags. Each bag contains 0.5kg of dry material, and must be tightly sealed with plastic ropes at both ends. After sterilization at 100°C for 10–12 hours, the bags are left to cool for 12 hours before inoculation. Autoclaving can also be used, with 1.5 atmospheres maintained for 1.5–2 hours.
4. **Inoculation**: After sterilization, the bags are cooled to below 25°C before inoculation. Inoculation should be done when the temperature is around 10°C, or during cooler parts of the day if it's hot. Inoculation is carried out in a disinfected box or room, and after 30 minutes of sterilization, the bag mouth is opened and sealed. The inoculated bags are then placed in a culture room with a germination temperature above 20°C and below 30°C, avoiding direct light.
5. **Ear Formation in the Shed**: Once the cultivation bags are healthy, they are moved into the ear shed for ear development. Two methods are commonly used: the hanging bag method and the three-dimensional wall-type ear method.
- Hanging Bag Method: Good cultivation bags are hung with 10–12 ears per bag.
- Three-Dimensional Wall-Type Ear: Both sides of the bag are cut with 6–8 "1"-shaped slits, and the bags are stacked 7–8 layers high. When the ear base forms, humidity is increased, and normal management begins. Harvesting is typically done within 10–15 days, resulting in large, thick, and high-quality ears ideal for fresh sales.
6. **Earing Reminder**: From mid-May onward, when temperatures stabilize above 20°C, the ear formation process is accelerated. Daytime warming, nighttime humidification, and ventilation help create a larger temperature difference, promoting ear base formation after about 10 days of moisture control.
7. **Ear Management**: Once the inner ear base forms, air humidity is increased, and a small amount of water is sprayed in the morning and evening to maintain high humidity (over 85%). Proper ventilation is essential to promote ear base elongation and the formation of small buds.
9. **Fruiting Body Growth Management**: During the fruiting stage, mist spraying is recommended, with more fog on rainy days to enhance growth. A dry-wet alternation system is used—water is stopped for 2–3 days to allow mycelium recovery, then rehydrated to promote full absorption. High temperature and humidity should be avoided to prevent infections. For black fungus, the ear temperature should stay between 15°C and 25°C, not exceeding 28°C. For hair fungus, the range is 15°C to 33°C, not exceeding 35°C. If temperatures rise too high, the fruit bodies may grow too fast, leading to thin, weak ears or even rotting. To avoid this, a "seven wet, three dry" watering principle is followed. Additionally, scattered light is crucial during fruiting to improve ear color and quality.
10. **Harvesting**: Ears are ready for harvest when the edges become thin and the roots shrink. Spores should be collected before they are released. One to two days before harvesting, watering is stopped, and the bags are exposed to sunlight until the ears shrink and dry. After harvesting, the bags are kept dry for 7–10 days to prepare for the next round of ear production.
11. **Notes**:
- Corn stalks must be well-fermented and soft, avoiding tight sealing of the bags.
- Timely harvesting is important to maintain quality and ensure good yields for subsequent crops.
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