To ensure a successful and productive melon cultivation process, follow these detailed steps:
**1. Selecting the Right Varieties**
Begin by choosing early-maturing, high-yield, and disease-resistant varieties such as Sugar Wang Baoyu, Need Sugar Wang Baoyu, Qin Bo No. 1, Qin Bo No. 2, and East Asia Fuyu. These varieties are well-suited for different climates and have proven performance in terms of yield and resistance to common diseases.
**2. Seedling Cultivation Techniques**
- **Seedbed Preparation**: Choose a sunny, sheltered area with a flat surface. Cover the seedbed with a shed to provide insulation and protect against harsh weather.
- **Seed Treatment**: Soak the seeds in an 800-fold diluted solution for 15 minutes, then rinse them thoroughly with water. Next, soak the seeds in warm water for 3–6 hours. Afterward, wrap them in a damp cloth and place them in a warm environment (25–30°C) to encourage germination. Germination typically occurs within 24 hours, after which the sprouts should be cooled to around 10°C to strengthen their growth potential.
- **Nutrient Soil Preparation**: Mix 3 parts of well-rotted manure (chicken or sheep manure is ideal), 5 parts of field soil, 2 parts of humus, and 1 bag of special root-stimulating fertilizer. Combine the mixture evenly and sieve it. Disinfect the soil using 600 times diluted disinfectant and 500 times diluted soil sterilizer. Allow the mixture to sit for 10–24 hours to eliminate pathogens before filling the seedling pots. Ensure each pot is filled completely, compacted, and placed on the seedbed. Water the soil before sowing.
- **Sowing**: Sow the seeds in the morning when the sun is bright. Create a small hole in the center of each nutrient pod, place one germinated seed in it, cover with 1 cm of sterile nutrient soil, and then cover with mulch and a greenhouse for insulation.
- **Seedling Care**: Avoid ventilating the seedbed until the seedlings emerge. Once 70% of the seedlings have emerged, remove the mulch. If the temperature inside the greenhouse exceeds 30°C, open the leeward side for ventilation. Maintain a minimum nighttime temperature of 18°C and take cold protection measures if temperatures drop too low. Apply a damping-off prevention spray 2–3 times every 2–3 days during the first 10 days after sowing. Ten days before transplanting, apply a blight prevention treatment to ensure healthy growth.
**3. Field Planting Methods**
- **Soil Preparation**: Incorporate 5,000 kg of farmyard manure per acre, along with 1 bottle of special fertilizer to prevent wilt, 2 bags of specialized fertilizer for melons and vegetables, and 20–25 kg of compound fertilizer. Mix all ingredients thoroughly to create a nutrient-rich planting bed.
- **Planting Time**: In Jilin Province, the best time to plant is at the end of April to early May. Use double-layer plastic mulch for better temperature control and moisture retention.
- **Planting Layout**: Space plants 36–45 cm apart within rows and 54 cm between rows, resulting in about 3,500 plants per mu. Before planting, pour a 1,200-fold diluted fungicide solution into the planting holes to prevent blight. After planting, cover the area with plastic film and install arch sheds for protection.
**4. Field Management Practices**
- **Temperature Control**: For the first five days after planting, avoid opening the greenhouse to increase ground temperature and promote root development. After 5–10 days, when new leaves appear, begin to ventilate when temperatures exceed 30°C. In the afternoon, lift the plastic cover when the temperature drops below 28°C. Stop covering the arch sheds when the average daily temperature reaches 18°C, typically around June 10 in Jilin.
- **Vine Training**: When the plant has 4 true leaves, pinch off the top to encourage vine growth. Once three vines develop, prune the first four leaves to promote fruit setting. If vines do not set fruit by the third leaf, continue training and pruning to optimize fruit production. This helps the melons grow faster and ripen earlier while reducing water and nutrient loss.
- **Fertilization**: Begin top-dressing once the melons start to set. Apply a foliar spray of 800-times diluted Nongfu or East Asia Xiongwei fertilizer every 7 days for two applications to enhance sweetness and yield.
- **Pest and Disease Control**: Early in the season, use a 1,200-fold diluted solution to control fusarium wilt. For locust infestations, apply 1,000-fold insecticide. For powdery mildew, use a 800-times diluted bacterial killer combined with foliar fertilizer. Spray every 5 days for optimal results.
- **Harvest Timing**: Stop watering a week before harvest to prevent cracking. Thin-skinned melons turn from white to yellow and emit a sweet aroma when ready. Harvest when they reach 90% maturity to maximize market value. Do not wait for full maturity, as this can reduce quality and storage life. One indicator of ripeness is that the fruit takes 25–28 days from flowering to maturity. Always pick early to take advantage of market demand and favorable conditions.
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