Release date: 2007-11-08
For the first time, U.S. scientists have successfully determined the detailed three-dimensional structure of β2 adrenergic receptors, a key target for beta blockers that have been used in medicine for over four decades. This breakthrough marks a significant milestone in understanding G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), a critical class of human membrane proteins involved in numerous biological processes and drug interactions. The findings were published in the online edition of *Science*, and experts believe this discovery will revolutionize future research in pharmacology and molecular biology.
GPCRs are notoriously difficult to study due to their complex structure and instability when extracted from cell membranes. Unlike other proteins, they do not easily form crystals, which is essential for structural analysis using X-ray crystallography. Previous attempts to determine GPCR structures were limited, with only one success involving the visual pigment in cow eyes—considered an easier case due to its high stability and abundance. The recent study focused on β2 adrenergic receptors, which play a vital role in regulating heart rate, blood pressure, and other physiological functions.
To overcome these challenges, researchers employed innovative techniques, including protein engineering and membrane-mimicking environments. By stabilizing the receptor with a rigid framework and optimizing experimental conditions, they managed to grow high-quality crystals. This achievement opens new doors for studying other GPCRs, many of which are targets for modern medications. With over half of current drugs acting on GPCRs, this research could lead to the development of more effective and targeted therapies, improving treatment outcomes for various diseases.
Experts emphasize that the methods developed in this study are not only applicable to β2 adrenergic receptors but can also be used to investigate other GPCRs across the human genome. This progress brings us closer to decoding the entire GPCR family, offering deeper insights into human health and disease mechanisms. As scientists continue to explore these molecular pathways, the potential for medical innovation grows significantly. — China Medicine 123 Network
Chili powder is a spice blend made from dried, ground chili peppers, often combined with other herbs and spices. It typically includes varieties of chili peppers like cayenne, ancho, or chipotle, along with ingredients such as cumin, Garlic Powder, oregano, and paprika. This blend varies in heat intensity depending on the types of chilies used and can range from mild to very hot.
Chili powder is a versatile ingredient used in numerous cuisines worldwide, especially in Mexican, Tex-Mex, Indian, and Thai dishes. It adds depth, flavor, and a distinctive warmth to soups, stews, chili con carne, marinades, and a wide array of savory recipes.
Chilli powder is a red or reddish-yellow, oily and uniform powder, a mixture of red chillies, yellow chillies, chilli seeds and some chilli rods crushed finely, with the inherent spicy aroma of chilli, which stings and sneezes on the nose. Authentic should be pounded out with a stone mortar, or you can directly use dried chillies in the sun or roasted in a pot over a moderate fire and then pounded into powder.
1. Antipyretic and analgesic: Capsicum is pungent and warm, which can lower body temperature through sweating and relieve muscle pain, so it has strong antipyretic and analgesic effects.
2. Preventing cancer: capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli, is an antioxidant, which can prevent the metabolism of the cells concerned, thus terminating the cancerous process of cell tissues and reducing the incidence of cancer cells.
3. Increase appetite, help digestion: the strong spicy flavour of chilli pepper can stimulate the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, increase appetite, promote intestinal peristalsis, and help digestion.
4. Reduce fat and weight loss: capsaicin contained in chilli peppers can promote fat metabolism and prevent the accumulation of body fat, which is conducive to fat reduction, weight loss and disease prevention.
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Chili Powder, Chili Ground, Red chili powder, Chaotian chili powder
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