The borers, commonly referred to as pod borers, are a major threat to cowpea plants during the calyx stage. These pests feed on the flowers, buds, and tender pods of cowpeas, leading to premature dropping and loss of yield. Their feeding not only damages the plant but also creates wounds that can become infected, resulting in the accumulation of sticky secretions and a decline in pod quality.
To manage this issue effectively, the recommended strategy is "treat the flowers, not the crop." This means applying pesticide at the early flowering stage, followed by repeat applications every 7–10 days for a total of 2–3 times. The best time to spray is before 8:00 AM when the petals are fully open, ensuring maximum contact between the pesticide and the pests.
For a safer and more sustainable approach, microbial pesticides are highly recommended. Products such as *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt) emulsion and *Beauveria bassiana* have proven effective in controlling borer infestations without posing risks to human health or the environment. During the second instar stage of the larvae, these products should be applied at a dilution of 300 times. It’s important to spray evenly and thoroughly, avoiding mixing with chemical pesticides to maintain effectiveness.
Another option is using natural predators, such as *Trichogramma* wasps, which can help control pest populations. This method is typically started once the bean buds begin to form, allowing for early intervention and better pest management. By combining these strategies, farmers can protect their cowpea crops while promoting ecological balance and long-term sustainability.
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