The goal of scientifically raising sows is to ensure normal estrus, improve breeding success, and increase the number of piglets born. During the non-pregnant period, sows should be fed more green and juicy feeds to maintain a moderate body condition until they are bred. The key principle of feeding is that overweight sows should receive less concentrate and more roughage, while underweight sows need more concentrated feed and animal protein to help them regain strength quickly.
For gilts approaching maturity, feeding 1–2 kg of high-quality feed 10–20 days before mating can stimulate multiple ovulations, which increases the chances of at least one piglet being born. After mating, the ration should be reduced back to normal levels; otherwise, it may lead to higher embryonic mortality. In general, postpartum sows should not be too thin, as this can delay the return to estrus and reduce ovulation numbers, making it harder for them to become pregnant. On the other hand, overfeeding can prevent estrus altogether.
Improving the feeding and management of pregnant sows is essential to increase embryo survival, especially during the peak periods of embryonic death. The first peak occurs between 9 to 13 days after mating, with a mortality rate of about 50%. During this time, stress factors should be minimized. Sows are usually kept in their original pens for 3 to 4 weeks after mating. The second peak of embryo loss happens around the third week of pregnancy, with a mortality rate of 30% to 40%, so attention must be paid to nutrition and environmental stress. Late-term pregnancy also has a mortality rate of about 15%, so proper nutrition becomes even more important at this stage.
Breeding sows too early, before they reach the appropriate weight and age, can result in lower productivity and affect their growth. It's recommended that sows have at least 2 to 3 estrus cycles before breeding. For example, a crossbred sow should weigh between 90 to 100 kg and be around 12 months old before breeding.
Timely mating is crucial for successful conception and reducing litter size variation. Most sows come into heat 7 days after weaning, but some healthy ones may show signs as early as 3 to 4 days. It’s best to start monitoring closely 3 days after weaning. The sow or boar can be brought near the sow’s area to encourage breeding. However, the optimal timing varies depending on breed, age, season, and temperature. For improved sows, the best time to breed is on the third to fourth day of estrus, when the vulva begins to shrink slightly and mucus starts to flow. At this point, pressing the sow’s hind legs will cause her to stand still, indicating she is ready for mating.
Early weaning of piglets helps sows return to estrus faster, leading to earlier mating and more litters per year. A common practice is to wean piglets at 28 days, starting weaning at 7 to 8 days of age. After weaning, the sow is moved to a clean area, while the piglets remain in their original pen, eating their own feed and gradually transitioning to new diets. Cleanliness and training for waste elimination should be maintained.
Care must be taken to avoid miscarriages, as sows are most vulnerable between 9 to 13 days after mating and 21 days before farrowing. Providing high-protein feeds, minerals, and vitamins is essential. Avoid feeding spoiled or frozen feed, and minimize overcrowding, fighting, slipping, and stressful situations. Throughout the entire pregnancy, feed quality must be carefully monitored to prevent mold contamination. Moldy feed contains aflatoxins, which can cause stillbirths, abortions, and poor growth in piglets.
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