Eucalyptus, also known as citron tree, is a valuable species with multiple uses in both economic and ecological fields. Its cultivation begins with careful seed collection. The best seeds come from healthy trees aged between 25 to 50 years. Fruits are harvested when they turn from green to red or black, typically between October and November. It's crucial to collect them at the right time—too early and germination rates will be low; too late and birds may damage them. After collection, the fruits should be processed quickly to prevent heat accumulation and embryo damage. The pulp is removed after 2-3 days, then washed, defatted with ash for 12-14 hours, and dried. The seeding rate is around 25-30%, with each thousand seeds weighing 120-130 grams, and about 7,600-8,000 seeds per kilogram. Germination rates can reach 80-90%. Seeds are often mixed with wet sand and sown in spring to maintain viability.
In the nursery stage, a shaded and sheltered area is ideal. Eucalyptus seeds have a slow germination process, so preparation is key. Dry seeds can be soaked in warm water, while those stored in sand are best treated with 0.5% potassium permanganate for two hours. Sowing usually takes place in mid-February, but can be delayed to mid-March if frost is a concern. Seeds are sown in trenches about three centimeters deep, with 40-50 seeds per meter. A sowing rate of 20-30 kg per mu is typical, followed by a layer of humus or fire soil, about 1.5 cm thick, and covered with grass. Seedlings typically emerge 40-50 days after sowing and take over 50-60 days to fully germinate. Once they're ready, they are transplanted into rows with 10-12 shoots per meter, spaced about 10 cm high.
During the growing season, especially from July to September, proper fertilization and irrigation are essential. Annual seedlings grow to about 30-50 cm (up to 80 cm), and can be planted once mature. To protect them during winter, wind barriers or straw coverage is recommended. When lifting seedlings, care must be taken to avoid root damage. Pruning branches and leaves before planting increases survival rates. To promote lateral root development, a shallow cut (5-6 cm) is made when the seedlings have 2-5 true leaves, followed by thorough watering.
Eucalyptus has a unique growth pattern. The cotyledons are hemispherical, yellowish, and often covered with a black seed coat. The young stems change from green to purple-brown, with 4-6 primary sterile leaves that are linear and white. As the plant matures, the leaves become longer, oval-shaped, and have a distinct texture. The main root is well-developed, with lateral roots spreading horizontally, which helps in anchoring the tree and absorbing nutrients.
Transplanting is done using bare-root seedlings in southern regions, with no cuts made on the seedlings to ensure survival. Leaves are often pruned to reduce transpiration. Planting periods vary, but in frost-free areas, it can start as early as January. Large seedlings with soil have higher survival rates, making them suitable for sporadic planting.
Eucalyptus wood is highly valued for its durability, flexibility, and aromatic properties. It’s used in furniture, architecture, and even shipbuilding. The leaves and wood are also used to extract camphor and eucalyptus oil, which are vital in medicine, cosmetics, and industry. Seeds can be used to make soap, and camphor is an important export commodity.
The economic benefits of eucalyptus are significant. The market price of eucalyptus oil is currently around 70 yuan per kilogram, with a rising trend. A single acre can yield 3,000-5,000 pounds of leaves, providing a steady income. Additionally, the wood is valuable for carving and furniture, with each cubic meter selling for over 1,000 yuan. Developing eucalyptus plantations not only boosts rural economies but also supports environmental conservation, such as soil stabilization and urban greening. It is a sustainable project that brings long-term benefits to both the economy and the environment.
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