The fruit fly, commonly known as the mandarin duck fly, is a pest belonging to the family Tephritidae. It primarily attacks the fruit of the ponkan, a type of citrus fruit. This pest can cause significant damage to orchards if not properly managed.
1. **Symptoms of Infestation**: Adult fruit flies lay their eggs inside young fruits. Once hatched, the larvae feed on the fruit's flesh, causing it to first appear unripe and yellow, then develop red spots, and eventually rot and fall from the tree. The presence of small holes on the fruit surface and a change in color from green to yellow are clear signs of infestation.
2. **Morphological Features**: The adult fruit fly measures between 12 to 13 mm in length, with a wingspan ranging from 20 to 24 mm. Its body is typically brownish with darker markings on the front part of the thorax. The eggs are milky white, long and oval-shaped, slightly curved in the middle, and measure about 1.4 to 1.5 mm in length. The larvae are yellow-brown and grow to approximately 9 to 10 mm in size.
3. **Life Habits**: This species completes one generation per year. During winter, the larvae remain in the soil as pupae. Adults emerge in late April and begin mating in early May, entering orchards for egg-laying from June to mid-July. The peak activity occurs in mid-June, with larvae hatching from July to September. Infested fruits drop from late September to late October. After falling, the larvae burrow into the soil to pupate. Adults are most active during sunny afternoons. They lay eggs near the fruit's navel, creating small holes that lead to discoloration of the skin. Orchards with high humidity or those with honeydew-producing pests suffer more severe damage.
4. **Prevention and Control Methods**: First, strict quarantine measures should be enforced to prevent the introduction of infected fruits or soil from affected areas. Second, remove young infested fruits and cook them thoroughly to kill any larvae inside. Third, plow the soil deeply in winter to destroy overwintering pupae and larvae. Fourth, when larvae are present or adults emerge, spray the ground with a 65% phoxim solution diluted 1000 times to kill adults. Apply this treatment every 7 to 10 days for two consecutive times. When adults start laying eggs in the orchard, spray 1/3 of the tree canopy with a 2.5% deltamethrin or 20% West Insectamethrin solution mixed with 3% sugar solution. Repeat this every 7 to 10 days for 2 to 3 applications. Finally, use radiation techniques by exposing male fruit flies to gamma rays in a controlled indoor environment. These sterile males are then released into the field to mate with wild females, resulting in non-viable eggs and helping to reduce the population over time.
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