Research finds that a biological switch is a unified DNA switch

The molecular machinery responsible for splitting biological cells into two identical daughter cells appears to have been active since the very beginning of evolution. This essential system has been passed down through generations across three major domains of life: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Researchers from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley, have recently confirmed that the core components driving DNA replication are remarkably similar across these three groups. Their findings, published in two upcoming papers in *Nature Structural and Molecular Biology*, reveal that a helical base structure within the AAA+ protein superfamily acts as the "founder" molecule in both bacterial (*E. coli*) and eukaryotic (fruit fly) DNA replication. Previous research had already shown that AAA+ proteins play a central role in DNA initiation in archaea. Now, these new discoveries suggest that the process of DNA replication is far older than previously thought, predating the divergence of the three main branches of life. Despite decades of study, the mechanisms behind DNA replication initiation remain poorly understood, with many debates about how conserved these processes are across species. The recent studies have provided deeper insights by using advanced physiological techniques to explore how DNA is unwound and how the replisome is assembled. These breakthroughs not only enhance our understanding of DNA replication but also reinforce the evolutionary connections between all forms of life. One paper, focused on *Drosophila*, is titled *"Nucleotide-dependent conformational changes in the DnaA-like core of the origin recognition complex."* The other, on *E. coli*, is titled *"Structural basis for ATP-dependent DnaA assembly and replication-origin remodeling."* Together, they offer a clearer picture of one of life’s most fundamental processes.

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