In recent years, an increasing number of farmers have adopted coated and refined cotton varieties across most cotton-growing regions. The use of coated cotton seeds has expanded significantly, with some townships reporting nearly 100% adoption. These coated varieties offer several benefits, such as early germination, high emergence rates, strong disease resistance, and adaptability to various environmental conditions—making them highly favored by farmers.
However, during the transplanting process, some challenges persist. Despite the high germination rate of coated seeds (often reaching 90%), the survival rate of seedlings is not always ideal, sometimes dropping to around 70%. Investigations reveal several reasons behind this issue. First, some farmers misunderstand the nature of coated seeds, believing that they eliminate the need for disinfection or disease prevention, leading to complacency. Second, in some cases, seeds are sown too shallowly, causing the seedlings to emerge with their husks intact, making them weak and vulnerable to drought or heavy rain. Third, poor soil coverage and insufficient nutrients lead to rapid water loss, resulting in seedling death. Lastly, improper temperature and humidity control in the seedbed can also cause seedlings to die.
A comprehensive analysis shows that these issues fall into two categories: disease-related seedling deaths and physiological seedling deaths. To improve both the emergence rate and quality of coated cotton seedlings, it's essential to implement proper nursery management techniques, including appropriate nutrition, soil preparation, and disease prevention strategies.
To prevent diseases like blight, anthracnose, and leaf spot, which are commonly transmitted through infected seeds, contaminated soil, or farming tools, it's crucial to disinfect all materials used in the seedbed. In addition to treating the seeds themselves, the bauxite, covering soil, arches, and old plastic films should be disinfected. A common solution is to spray carbendazim at a concentration of 1:200, or use thiophanate-methyl, both of which provide effective protection.
Proper soil coverage is also important. After sowing, the soil should be shaped into a plum-like form, and any gaps should be filled with fine soil. Cotton seeds should be covered with fine or sandy soil, about 1 cm deep, to ensure good contact and moisture retention.
Once the cotyledons of the cotton seedlings have emerged, the young stems become more susceptible to disease because they haven't yet lignified. At this stage, it's critical to apply Bordeaux mixture for protection. The mixture consists of 1 kg of copper sulfate, 0.5 kg of quicklime, and 50 kg of clean water, thoroughly mixed and stirred. Alternatively, a 0.1% to 0.2% triazole copper (triadimefon) solution can also be used, with excellent results.
During periods of high temperature and heavy rainfall, maintaining proper temperature and humidity in the seedbed is vital. Even if the seedlings grow uniformly, excessive heat or moisture can lead to "wire seedlings," reducing their quality and resilience. To avoid this, short seedbeds of about 10 meters in length are recommended to ensure stable growth.
In conclusion, a comprehensive approach to disease prevention and seedling care is essential wherever coated cotton is used. By following these best practices, farmers can maximize the benefits of refined cotton varieties and enhance their resilience against environmental stressors.
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